What is meant by the term 'principal' in finance?

The term 'principal' in finance refers to the original sum of money that is either borrowed or lent. This is the amount on which interest is calculated. For example, if you take out a loan or a mortgage, the principal is the initial loan amount you receive and will need to repay, excluding any interest or fees. Understanding principal is crucial for managing loans, as it directly affects the total interest paid over the life of the loan and the overall cost of borrowing.

In contrast, the total interest paid over the life of a loan relates to the cost incurred for borrowing the principal amount. The fees charged for borrowing might include various administrative or processing charges but do not represent the principal itself. Lastly, the amount of money earmarked for investments could relate to separate financial considerations, such as savings or investment portfolios, rather than the foundational concept of principal in loans.